Characterization of patients at risk of adverse reactions to contrast media at a Diagnostic Imaging Center
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53903/01212095.308Keywords:
Contrast media, Adverse reactions, Diagnostic imaging, Risk factorsAbstract
Objective: Adverse reactions to contrast media (ARCM) are unwanted and unpredictable responses that can occur after administering chemical substances for image enhancement in radiological studies. They can vary in severity, including mild, moderate, or severe symptoms. This study aims
to characterize patients and establish the risks associated with ARCM in a diagnostic imaging institution. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study included 4260 patients who received contrast media for CT and/or MRI between 2019 and 2021. Only adult outpatients were considered. Sociodemographic variables, medical history, presence of ARCM, and their classification were analyzed. The data source was obtained from the institution’s internal format for epidemiological surveillance of adverse drug reactions and the corresponding report. For the analysis, measures of frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used, depending on the variables. Analysis was performed using SPSS V23, including measures of frequency, percentages, means and standard deviation depending on the variables. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Odds Ratio (OR) and Chi-square association measures. Values with a 95 % confidence interval and a p-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The incidence of ARCM was 9/4260 (0.21 %), with a 95 % CI of 0.11-0.4. There were no significant differences by gender or type of study. No significant associations were found with hypertension, allergies to NSAIDs, or creatinine levels (p > 0.05). However, significant risk was identified in patients with a history of food allergies (OR 26.4, 95 % CI: 3.2-221.3), previous adverse reactions (OR 110.1, 95 % CI: 20.5-590), and diabetes mellitus (OR 6.6, 95 % CI: 1.3-32.6, p < 0.001), mainly associated with iodinated contrast medium. Additionally, a significant decrease in cases per year was observed: 0.3 % in 2019, 0.2 % in 2020, and 0.1 % in 2021, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The rate of adverse reactions was relatively low. The most significantly associated factors with ARCM were food allergies, previous adverse reactions, and diabetes mellitus, mainly associated with iodinated contrast medium.
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